Bacterial Sepsis and Meningitis

Bacteriology 226 Group B Streptococci 228 Group A Streptococci 229 Streptococcus pneumoniae 231 Other Streptococci 231 Enterococcus species 232 Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 232 Listeria monocytogenes 233 Escherichia coli 233 Klebsiella Species 233 Enterobacter Species 234 Citrobacter Species 234 Serratia marcescens 235 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 235 Salmonella Species 235 Neisseria meningitidis 235 Haemophilus influenzae 236 Anaerobic Bacteria 236 Neonatal Tetanus 237 Mixed Infections 237 Uncommon Bacterial Pathogens 237 Epidemiology 238 Incidence of Sepsis and Meningitis 238 Characteristics of Infants Who Develop Sepsis 238 Nursery Outbreaks or Epidemics 241 Pathogenesis 242 Host Factors Predisposing to Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis 243 Infection in Twins 244 Umbilical Cord as a Focus of Infection 244 Administration of Drugs to the Mother before Delivery 245 Administration of Drugs Other than Antibiotics to the Neonate 246 Pathology 246 Clinical Manifestations 246 Fever and Hypothermia 249 Respiratory Distress 250 Jaundice 250 Organomegaly 250 Gastrointestinal Signs 251 Skin Lesions 251 Neurologic Signs 251 Diagnosis 251 Maternal History 251 Microbiologic Techniques 251 Laboratory Aids 258 Management 258 Choice of Antimicrobial Agents 258 Current Practice 259 Continuation of Therapy When Results of Cultures Are Available 259 Management of an Infant Whose Mother Received Intrapartum Antimicrobial Agents 260 Treatment of an Infant Whose Bacterial Culture Results Are Negative 261 Management of an Infant with Catheter-Associated Infection 261 Treatment of Neonatal Meningitis 261 Management of an Infant with a Brain Abscess 261 Treatment of an Infant with Meningitis Whose Bacterial Culture Results Are Negative 262 Treatment of Anaerobic Infections 262 Adjunctive Therapies for Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis 262 Prognosis 263 Prevention 264 Obstetric Factors 264 Chemoprophylaxis 264 Maternal Factors 264 Immunoprophylaxis 264 Decontamination of Fomites 266 Epidemiologic Surveillance 266 Sepsis in the Newborn Recently Discharged from the Hospital 266 Congenital Infection 266 Late-Onset Disease 266 Infections in the Household 266 Fever in the First Month of Life 267